![]() Minimalist reasoning realises truth as a label utilised in general discourse to express agreement, to stress claims, or to form general assumptions. Minimalist reasoning centres around the notion that the application of a term like true to a statement does not assert anything significant about it, for instance, anything about its nature. More recently developed “deflationary” or “minimalist” theories of truth have emerged as possible alternatives to the most prevalent substantive theories. Theories other than the most prevalent substantive theories are also discussed. Each presents perspectives that are widely shared by published scholars. The question of what is a proper basis for deciding how words, symbols, ideas and beliefs may properly be considered true, whether by a single person or an entire society, is dealt with by the five most prevalent substantive theories of truth listed below. It can also be used in the context of being “true to oneself” in the sense of acting with authenticity. In some modern contexts, the word “truth” is used to refer to fidelity to an original or standard. ![]() To express “factuality”, North Germanic opted for nouns derived from sanna “to assert, affirm”, while continental West Germanic (German and Dutch) opted for continuations of wâra “faith, trust, pact” (cognate to Slavic věra “(religious) faith”, but influenced by Latin verus). Romance languages use terms following the Latin veritas, while the Greek aletheia, Russian pravda, South Slavic istina and Sanskrit sat (related to English sooth and North Germanic sanna) have separate etymological origins. Thus, ‘truth’ involves both the quality of “faithfulness, fidelity, loyalty, sincerity, veracity”, and that of “agreement with fact or reality”, in Anglo-Saxon expressed by sōþ (Modern English sooth).Īll Germanic languages besides English have introduced a terminological distinction between truth “fidelity” and truth “factuality”. Old Norse trú, “faith, word of honour religious faith, belief” (archaic English troth “loyalty, honesty, good faith”, compare Ásatrú). The English word true is from Old English (West Saxon) (ge)tríewe, tréowe, cognate to Old Saxon (gi)trûui, Old High German (ga)triuwu (Modern German treu “faithful”), Old Norse tryggr, Gothic triggws, all from a Proto-Germanic *trewwj- “having good faith”, perhaps ultimately from PIE *dru- “tree”, on the notion of “steadfast as an oak” (e.g., Sanskrit dā́ru “(piece of) wood”). Like troth, it is a -th nominalisation of the adjective true (Old English tréowe). The English word truth is derived from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe, cognate to Old High German triuwida, Old Norse tryggð. There are many different questions about the nature of truth which are still the subject of contemporary debates, such as: How do we define truth? Is it even possible to give an informative definition of truth? What things are truthbearers and are therefore capable of being true or false? Are truth and falsehood bivalent, or are there other truth values? What are the criteria of truth that allow us to identify it and to distinguish it from falsehood? What role does truth play in constituting knowledge? And is truth always absolute, or can it be relative to one’s perspective? Definition and etymologyĪn angel carrying the banner of “Truth”, Roslin, Midlothian Various theories and views of truth continue to be debated among scholars, philosophers, and theologians. This is called the correspondence theory of truth. Most commonly, truth is viewed as the correspondence of language or thought to a mind-independent world. Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic, and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself. Most human activities depend upon the concept, where its nature as a concept is assumed rather than being a subject of discussion these include most of the sciences, law, journalism, and everyday life. The concept of truth is discussed and debated in various contexts, including philosophy, art, theology, and science. Truth is usually held to be the opposite of falsehood. In everyday language, truth is typically ascribed to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise correspond to it, such as beliefs, propositions, and declarative sentences. Truth is the property of being in accord with fact or reality. Tarski suggested a table by which these values could be determined (although he was less sure about whether the same rules could be applied to natural languages).Ī Tarski, ‘The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages’, Logic, Semantics and Metamathe-matics (1956) Truth theory concerns the truth-values of sentence structures in various formal logical languages. Semantic concept formalized by the Polish-American mathematician and logician Alfred Tarski (1902-1983), although other thinkers had previously discussed the idea.
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